Humanities
For humanities this quarter we have been learning about geography skill and the Indonesian history. Actually it is more to Indonesian history, we researched about how the Dutch colonised us and the origins of Indonesia. The task I will be submiting in this digiport is a summary of the Indonesian history. Actually Mr Nick who is our teacher and the head of school already gave us the site. He just left the blanks and we had to fill them out.
Study Notes for Indonesia’s History and Background
Aditya
Class 8.1
Humanities
In the Pleistocene period, Indonesia was linked with mainland Asia.
Where were the first immigrants from? (3000 -- 500 BC)
During 3000-500 BC, it is believed that Indonesia was inhabited by the Sub-Mongoloid migrants from Asia who later then married with the indegenous people.
What language was introduced by Prince Aji Caka?
Aji Caka, a Indian prince introduced the Indonesians the Sanskrit languange and the Pallawa script language.
What religion was spread to Indonesia through Indian migrants?
The religion spreaded by the Indian migrants was the Hindu religion.
The Period of the Hindu Kingdoms
How long did this period last?
It lasted from ancient times to the 16th Century AD.
What was the other religion that was dominant during this period?
The other religion was Buddhism.
List the Indian cultures and customs that were introduced to the archipelago during this time.
- The culture of emanated from the Hindu and Buddhist religion.
- The Hindu literary works such as the Vedas, Mahabharata and Ramayana.
- The literary works were shown through wayang and shadow play performance which is still very famous until today.
Who is Fa Hsien? Where was he from and how did he get here?
Fa Hsien is a Chinese Buddhist saint. In 144AD, he was caught in a storm and landed in Java Island for five months.
What did Ptolemy of Alexandria say of Indonesia?
He was a Greek explorer and geographer who wrote on Indonesia. He named Jave or Sumatra “abadiou.” He explained that Java had a good system of government and advanced agriculture, navigation and astronomy. The proces of batik printing was also in his explanation.
Describe three key points in this era.
1. Many other cultures were introduced and diversed with the Indonesian culture.
2. Other religions were introduced to the Indonesians which are Hinduism and Buddhism.
3. Foreigners such as Fa Hsien and Ptolemy of Alexandria entered Indonesia and spreaded their knowledge and culture.
The Period of Islamic Kingdoms
What long-ruling kingdom ended because of the powerful spread of Islam among kingdoms on Java?
The kingdom of Majapahit ended because of the Islamic Kingdom.
What is Sunda Kepala? What was it the capital of?
Sunda Kelapa was the capital city of the West Java Kingdom of Pajajaran during 1300 AD.
The Portuguese in Indonesia
What year did the Portuguese arrive?
The Portuguese arrived in the year 1511 AD.
What religion did they spread? To what islands did it take hold?
They spreaded Christianity and was most successful in Minahasa and Maluku known as the Moluccas.
How, and when was Timor Island divided? When did the Portuguese leave the region?
In 20th April 1859, Timor island was divided into two. The Western part was occupied by the Dutch and the East was occupied by the Portuguese. The Timor islands were divided because in 1651, the Dutch invaded West Timor and it would not be possible to have two colonial powers in a island. The Portuguese left in 1975.
Dutch Colonialism
What was the VOC and when did it begin?
The VOC is the Dutch East India Company, a merchant trade organization which started in 1602.
What does it mean that the VOC became ‘nationalized’?
It means that the Dutch forced the Indonesians to accept/legalised the VOC organization.
What happened when the VOC became nationalized? And, what was the capital Sunda Kepala renamed?
After it became nationalized, the Dutch government had a firm grip of the vital territories of the country. Sunda Kelapa was also renamed into Batavia.
Who was Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo and what did he introduce in 1633?
He was the ruler of the Islamic kingdom and a fierce enemy of the Dutch. He introduced the Islamic Javanese calender.
In 1629, what happened? Who was involved?
In 1629, Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo sent his troops to attack Batavia but they were repulsed by the troops of Governor General Jan Pieterszoon Coen.
What is the “divide and rule” tactic? What was it used for?
The divide and rule tactic is a tactic where the enemy would find the country’s weakest points and attack the certain places first in order to divide the power of the nation. The Dutch attacked Indonesia slowly, piece by piece, they attacked city by city. They weren’t harsh, they take on the whole country in one time. They started to take over the spice islands such as Ambon and Banda and then went further through their conquest.
List two rulers who waged war against the Dutch in the 17th C. What were the results?
- Sultan Hasanuddin from Goa, he waged war in 1666 but was defeated and Goa became part of VOC.
- Prince Trunojoyo from Madura also fought but was defeated and killed in 1680.
What were the ‘Hongi’ expeditions which were carried out by the Dutch?
The Hongi expeditions were carried out to reinforce the spice production for the Dutch, they burned the clove gardens of the peple to make sure there wasn’t any over production. Many died from defending their crops.
What happened in 1740 in Jakarta?
The Dutch massacred a rebellion started by the Chinese which had Indonesians too. Over ten thousand were killed.
What principalities was Mataram divided into under the VOC?
Mataram was divided into the principalities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta.
What happened to the VOC in December 1799?
Became bankrupt because of corruption and VOC was taken over by Dutch Administration of Batavia.
British Temporary Rule
The British took over in Bengkulu, West coast of Sumatra in Indonesia.
Who was appointed Lieutenant Governor General of Java during the British rule?
Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles was appointed as governor general of Java.
What did Raffles do while he was Gov. General? List several.
- Introduce partial self government.
- Abolished the slave trade.
- Land Tenure system
- He gave more freedom rather then the Dutch, temples were allowed to be researched and restored.
- He wrote a book called “The History of Java.”
What book did he write while here?
The book was called “The History of Java”, it described Java’s civilization and culture
What war (named after its famous French general) was also the end of the British rule on the islands? When was this?
The Napoleonic wars was the end of the British rule and the British left in 1815.
Return of the Dutch
Who was Thomas Matulessy? ( you will need to ‘google’ more information about him).
Thomas Matulessy or known as Captain Pattimura was a Christian Ambonese soldier who led the rebellion againts the Dutch in Saparua which is a island near Ambon in Maluku. Pattimura took over the Dutch fortress and defeated the colonial forces. But the Dutch sent reinforcements from Batavia and the rebels lost. In 1817, Pattimura was hanged along with the others.
List some of the revolts against the Dutch:
- Thomas Matulessy, known as Pattimura led a revolt againts the Dutch in Moluccas during 1816-1818.
- Prince Diponegoro from Mataram led the Java War during 1825-1830.
- Tuanku Imam Bonjol led the Padri Wars in West Sumatra during 1873-190.3.
- Teuku Umar led the Aceh Wars in North Sumatra during 1873-1903l.
- King Sisingamangraja from Batak revolted the Dutch in 1907
Aditya
Class 8.1
Humanities
In the Pleistocene period, Indonesia was linked with mainland Asia.
Where were the first immigrants from? (3000 -- 500 BC)
During 3000-500 BC, it is believed that Indonesia was inhabited by the Sub-Mongoloid migrants from Asia who later then married with the indegenous people.
What language was introduced by Prince Aji Caka?
Aji Caka, a Indian prince introduced the Indonesians the Sanskrit languange and the Pallawa script language.
What religion was spread to Indonesia through Indian migrants?
The religion spreaded by the Indian migrants was the Hindu religion.
The Period of the Hindu Kingdoms
How long did this period last?
It lasted from ancient times to the 16th Century AD.
What was the other religion that was dominant during this period?
The other religion was Buddhism.
List the Indian cultures and customs that were introduced to the archipelago during this time.
- The culture of emanated from the Hindu and Buddhist religion.
- The Hindu literary works such as the Vedas, Mahabharata and Ramayana.
- The literary works were shown through wayang and shadow play performance which is still very famous until today.
Who is Fa Hsien? Where was he from and how did he get here?
Fa Hsien is a Chinese Buddhist saint. In 144AD, he was caught in a storm and landed in Java Island for five months.
What did Ptolemy of Alexandria say of Indonesia?
He was a Greek explorer and geographer who wrote on Indonesia. He named Jave or Sumatra “abadiou.” He explained that Java had a good system of government and advanced agriculture, navigation and astronomy. The proces of batik printing was also in his explanation.
Describe three key points in this era.
1. Many other cultures were introduced and diversed with the Indonesian culture.
2. Other religions were introduced to the Indonesians which are Hinduism and Buddhism.
3. Foreigners such as Fa Hsien and Ptolemy of Alexandria entered Indonesia and spreaded their knowledge and culture.
The Period of Islamic Kingdoms
What long-ruling kingdom ended because of the powerful spread of Islam among kingdoms on Java?
The kingdom of Majapahit ended because of the Islamic Kingdom.
What is Sunda Kepala? What was it the capital of?
Sunda Kelapa was the capital city of the West Java Kingdom of Pajajaran during 1300 AD.
The Portuguese in Indonesia
What year did the Portuguese arrive?
The Portuguese arrived in the year 1511 AD.
What religion did they spread? To what islands did it take hold?
They spreaded Christianity and was most successful in Minahasa and Maluku known as the Moluccas.
How, and when was Timor Island divided? When did the Portuguese leave the region?
In 20th April 1859, Timor island was divided into two. The Western part was occupied by the Dutch and the East was occupied by the Portuguese. The Timor islands were divided because in 1651, the Dutch invaded West Timor and it would not be possible to have two colonial powers in a island. The Portuguese left in 1975.
Dutch Colonialism
What was the VOC and when did it begin?
The VOC is the Dutch East India Company, a merchant trade organization which started in 1602.
What does it mean that the VOC became ‘nationalized’?
It means that the Dutch forced the Indonesians to accept/legalised the VOC organization.
What happened when the VOC became nationalized? And, what was the capital Sunda Kepala renamed?
After it became nationalized, the Dutch government had a firm grip of the vital territories of the country. Sunda Kelapa was also renamed into Batavia.
Who was Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo and what did he introduce in 1633?
He was the ruler of the Islamic kingdom and a fierce enemy of the Dutch. He introduced the Islamic Javanese calender.
In 1629, what happened? Who was involved?
In 1629, Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo sent his troops to attack Batavia but they were repulsed by the troops of Governor General Jan Pieterszoon Coen.
What is the “divide and rule” tactic? What was it used for?
The divide and rule tactic is a tactic where the enemy would find the country’s weakest points and attack the certain places first in order to divide the power of the nation. The Dutch attacked Indonesia slowly, piece by piece, they attacked city by city. They weren’t harsh, they take on the whole country in one time. They started to take over the spice islands such as Ambon and Banda and then went further through their conquest.
List two rulers who waged war against the Dutch in the 17th C. What were the results?
- Sultan Hasanuddin from Goa, he waged war in 1666 but was defeated and Goa became part of VOC.
- Prince Trunojoyo from Madura also fought but was defeated and killed in 1680.
What were the ‘Hongi’ expeditions which were carried out by the Dutch?
The Hongi expeditions were carried out to reinforce the spice production for the Dutch, they burned the clove gardens of the peple to make sure there wasn’t any over production. Many died from defending their crops.
What happened in 1740 in Jakarta?
The Dutch massacred a rebellion started by the Chinese which had Indonesians too. Over ten thousand were killed.
What principalities was Mataram divided into under the VOC?
Mataram was divided into the principalities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta.
What happened to the VOC in December 1799?
Became bankrupt because of corruption and VOC was taken over by Dutch Administration of Batavia.
British Temporary Rule
The British took over in Bengkulu, West coast of Sumatra in Indonesia.
Who was appointed Lieutenant Governor General of Java during the British rule?
Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles was appointed as governor general of Java.
What did Raffles do while he was Gov. General? List several.
- Introduce partial self government.
- Abolished the slave trade.
- Land Tenure system
- He gave more freedom rather then the Dutch, temples were allowed to be researched and restored.
- He wrote a book called “The History of Java.”
What book did he write while here?
The book was called “The History of Java”, it described Java’s civilization and culture
What war (named after its famous French general) was also the end of the British rule on the islands? When was this?
The Napoleonic wars was the end of the British rule and the British left in 1815.
Return of the Dutch
Who was Thomas Matulessy? ( you will need to ‘google’ more information about him).
Thomas Matulessy or known as Captain Pattimura was a Christian Ambonese soldier who led the rebellion againts the Dutch in Saparua which is a island near Ambon in Maluku. Pattimura took over the Dutch fortress and defeated the colonial forces. But the Dutch sent reinforcements from Batavia and the rebels lost. In 1817, Pattimura was hanged along with the others.
List some of the revolts against the Dutch:
- Thomas Matulessy, known as Pattimura led a revolt againts the Dutch in Moluccas during 1816-1818.
- Prince Diponegoro from Mataram led the Java War during 1825-1830.
- Tuanku Imam Bonjol led the Padri Wars in West Sumatra during 1873-190.3.
- Teuku Umar led the Aceh Wars in North Sumatra during 1873-1903l.
- King Sisingamangraja from Batak revolted the Dutch in 1907
Reflection
From this project, there were a few restrictions given by Mr. Nick. We weren't allowed to have a lot of information for each question, he wants us to limit the information but make it meaningful. This was sort of a challenge for me because I like to have complete answers and he said to save space and make your answers simple but meaningful. From this task, I haven't received my grade however I feel like I have done a good job.
The IB learner profile which I have learned from this task is to be a thinker because I had to think the answers for each question carefully and I had to be careful not to have too much.
The fundamental concept which I have learned would be intercultural awareness because while researching regarding Indonesia's hiestory, I learned new cultures.
From this project, there were a few restrictions given by Mr. Nick. We weren't allowed to have a lot of information for each question, he wants us to limit the information but make it meaningful. This was sort of a challenge for me because I like to have complete answers and he said to save space and make your answers simple but meaningful. From this task, I haven't received my grade however I feel like I have done a good job.
The IB learner profile which I have learned from this task is to be a thinker because I had to think the answers for each question carefully and I had to be careful not to have too much.
The fundamental concept which I have learned would be intercultural awareness because while researching regarding Indonesia's hiestory, I learned new cultures.